South African 1948 General Election

South African 1948 General Election The 1948 election in South Africa changed the country for 40 years. It caused apartheid to take effect in South Africa. It was between the United Party and the Reunited National Party. The United Party was led by Jan Smuts at the time, and the Reunited National Party was led by D.F.Malan(Rogers 47). These parties had different views. South Africans were looking for something new, which they found in the winner of this election, The Reunited National Party. The outcome of the 1948 general election in South Africa was affected by the two major parties in the election which were the Reunited National Party and the United Party. The United Party was opposing Reunited National Party in the election. It was created in 1933 and was South Africas leading political party from 1934 to 1948. In its creation Prime Minister Barry Hertzogs National Party, an Smuts South African Party, and what was left of the Unionist Party joined together. They had support from many groups including English, Afrikaners, and colored people (Alvarez-Rivera). Hertzog led until 1939 when he opposed helping Great Britain against Germany in World War 2. Jan Smuts took over the Party afterwards. The United Party sided with the Labour Party which was formed 1910. It was democratic socialist and represented the white working class. It had seats in South African House of Assembly from 1910 to 1958. It was always a minority, so it would usually support a majority party. In which in 1948 they supported the United Party. From 1910 to 1929 it was led by Colonel F.H.P. Creswell. After World War 1 a strike led to them siding with the United Party (P rice). The National Party was formed in 1915. It was created by Afrikaner Nationalists after the Union of South Africa was created. It was created from disagreements with Hertzog. It led South Africa from 1948-1994. Its policies were Apartheid, Republic, and promoting Afrikaner culture. It was originally called the National Party and was led by Hertzog until 1934 when he took it to form the United Party. He had made it where the coloreds votes were undermined. He did this by letting women vote, which made more whites be able to vote. When Hertzog planned on leaving Daniel Francois Malan and some Afrikaner Nationalists refused to merge and formed the Purified National party. They got support by opposing South Africa in World War 2. This reunified them with Purified Nationalists to form the Reunited National Party. Another name for the Reunited National Party is Herenigde Nasionale Party. In 1948 it sided with the Afrikaner Party. It was created back in 1948. It was a minority in joining with the Herenigde National Party ( Rogers 48-56, 94-102). In voting in 1948 the National Party removed colored voters from voting similar to black voters. In 1936 Representation of Natives Act was passed by Hertzog. This removed black voters from common voters rolls and were put on native voters rolls. Blacks couldnt vote in normal elections for Cape Provincial Council or House of Assembly. Now they voted separately for 2 members of the Cape Provincial Council and 3 members of House of Assembly. Four Senators would be elected by local councils, chiefs, or tribal councils for the native areas (Price). White men and women over 21 were able to vote in these elections also. The House of Assembly was what voters were voting for it was the lower part of parliament. The members were elected by first past the post voting which is where the election is won by the person with more votes than the other(s). It is used a lot but not everywhere. It used in mostly democratic governments with districts being single membered, and between 2 parties (Rogers 124-126). The House of Assembly was made up mostly of white men, but a woman was able to be in it also, and was made up of 153 seats at time of 1948 election. In the results of the election the Reunited National Party won 70 seats. The United Party won 65 seats. The Reunited National Partys alignment partner, Afrikaner party, won 9 votes to bring them and the Reunited National party to 79 seats. The United Partys alignment partner, Labour Party, won 6 seats to bring up a total 74 votes. There were also 3 independent votes which made it equal up to 153 seats. Even though the Reunited National Party won more seats than the United Party, the United Party had more votes. The United Party received 524, 230 votes in the election while the Reunited National Party received only 401, 834 votes, but still won more seats in the House of Assembly (Alvarez-Rivera). One of the issues in the country at the time was race. There are many reasons the Reunited National Party won the election. They realizes a lot of whites were feeling threatened by black people wanting to be part of government so they said that they would put strict racial segregation everywhere in the country and everywhere in peoples lives if they won. They would encourage blacks to stay in country areas and not move to cities. The United Party liked unclear movements of integrating South Africas different ethnicity groups. They thought that integration would happen anyways and so they should stop policies trying to stop blacks moving to city areas. They wanted to eventually let blacks take place in government. Other problems for the United Party were whites being unhappy with the economy and domestic things after World War 2. The Reunited National party used gerrymandering and organization as an advantage to win the election (Price). Another reason was the different sectors of the country. The farmers used inexpensive labor from blacks to raise profit. Also the white workers from urban areas were scared of blacks moving to cities and competing with their jobs. The United Party never realized the mood of these people. The Reunited National Party picked up these moods and easily made them join them and create more support. They put more fear into people by saying if United Party won then eventually Blacks would be part of government. The Reunited National Party used United Partys leader Smuts good relationship with Stalin to show how he favored communism (Rogers 178-181). The United Partys immigration program allowed British people to move to South Africa and were thought to take white South Africans homes and jobs. The 70 seats won by the Reunited National Party were mostly from country areas, and the 65 wins by the United Party were mostly from city areas. At this time there were more rural constituencies, electoral district, than urban ones which gave them more seats but less votes. Smuts and the United Party were blamed for the hard times of World War 2. They blamed them for rationing petroleum and wheat. Even after the war they still sent supplies to Great Britain and the Netherlands. This caused a local shortage for bread and meat. They also loaned 4 million ounces of gold to Great Britain (Alvarez-Rivera). At the time the Reunited National Party seemed energetic and prepared unlike the United Party who appeared lackadaisical. This causes people to be inspired and want change for better for a country going through a rough time as South Africa was during at this time after Word War 2. This caused a great deal of emotion and the result of the Reunited National Party reaching people scared of integration and losing jobs and homes. Instead they called for apartheid which separated the country from 1948 until 1994. This held the country back from it s full potential of being a leader of the world. The two parties in this election showed different attitudes and opinions, and this caused the Reunited National Party to beat the United Party in the South African 1948 general election.

An American Tail Movie project :: essays research papers

An American Tail (1986) Director: Don Bluth Performers:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fievel Mousekewitz (Voice of Philip Glasser)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Papa Mousekewitz (Voice of Nehemia Persoff)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mama Mouskewitz (Voice of Erica Yohn)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tanya Mousekewitz (Voice of Amy Green)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bridget (Voice of Cathianne Blore)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Digit (Voice of Will Ryan) Gussie Mouseheimer (Voice of Madeline Kahn) Henri the Pigeon (Voice of Christopher Plummer) Honest John (Voice of Neil Ross) Irish mouse on boat (Voice of Warren Hayes) Italian mouse on boat (Voice of John Guarnieri) Moe (Voice of Hal Smith) Tiger (Voice of Dom DeLuise) Tony Toponi (Voice of Pat Musick) Warren T. Rat (Voice of John Finnegan) Summary   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fievel Mousekewitz and his family (who are mice), who are from Russia run away from their homeland in the late 1800s, and board a boat headed for America to escape the Czarist rule of the Russian cats. Fievel, however, is separated from his family upon his arrival in New York Harbor. While he’s searching for his family throughout NYC, he discovers that there are cats in America too (his father said there weren't). Fievel meets a variety of friendly and hostile mice, and learns the ins and outs of NYC and how to survive as an immigrant. Eventually he makes friends with a cat named Tiger and together, along with others, Fievel finds his family and lives happily ever after.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This is an immigration movie geared towards kids to show and teach them about immigration to America. It shows them the reasons they (the Mousekewitz) left their homeland Russia to come to America. In their case it was to escape the Czarist rule of the cats, parallel to most immigrants who escaped their land due to religious and political persecution. Once aboard the ship to America, it showed the long and unpleasant trip to New York Harbor, where in this movie, Fievel gets separated from his family to inclimate weather. Once they arrive in New York Harbor, it shows children the happiness immigrants got when they saw the statue of liberty and the process through Ellis Island to become a citizen of America. The rest of the movie takes place in America where it shows â€Å"political machines†, such as Warren T. Rat, who really is a cat but takes advantage of new immigrants by dressing as a mouse and receiving the mice’s trust. With trust came their mon ey and broken promises, just as â€Å"political machines† really did back then. The movie shows the immigrants hardships and poor living conditions in America with tenement housing and unsanitary conditions.

Reporting Practices and Ethics Essay

Financial practices and ethics can play an important part of any organization including the health care environment. In order for the health care organization to be successful one must adopt an efficient financial practice and possess ethical standards. The management of finances for a health care organization may be a challenge for managers. This is why the health care manager will follow four basic elements for financial management. The basic elements include planning, controlling, organizing and directing, and decision making (Baker & Baker, 2011). Health Care Organizations have accounting principles generally acceptable and will comply with the financial practice and the practice of ethics to avoid fraud or abuse of the reporting practices. Elements of Financial Management Financial management has four basic elements, which assist the manager in making effective decisions for the health care organization. The first element of financial management is planning. The financial manager needs to identify the steps that he or she needs to take to accomplish the goals of the organization. However, first the manager must determine what the goal is for the organization and at that time determine what steps to follow to achieve the goal. The next element is controlling; a plan is in place that each area of the organization must follow. The financial manager must ensure that the areas are following such plans. The staff can view the current reports and make a comparison with reports from the past. In comparing previous and current reports the financial manager can see if an area in the organization needs more attention because the area may not be meeting its goals. The third element is organizing and directing. In organizing the financial manager must decide on what resources are best to use to be more effective. The manager must also determine how to use those resources effectively to reach the goal of the organization. In directing, the manager must provide supervision daily to run the organizing element efficiently. The final element is decision making. The manager must make decisions with the alternatives available such as information in the reports. Decision making should be side-by-side with planning, controlling, and organizing. When making a decision the manager must analyze and evaluate the information to make effective decisions (Baker & Baker, 2011). Acceptable Accounting Principles Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) provides guidelines to the company’s financial manager. The guidelines will cover the principles of accounting and practices. The generally accepted accounting principles guideline, guides the financial manager in the reporting and recording the financial information. For example, the financial manager will use the guidelines when preparing the financial statements such as the balance sheet. One health care organizations practice for releasing financial information will perform a practice of reconciliation in accounting. One organization reviews the balance sheets and makes them compatible as one. The next step is to determine the classification of each balance sheet such as high risk or low risk. The final step is the organization must decide a reporting schedule such as monthly or yearly. In knowing and understanding the documents and how to analyze the information this prevents an auditor from finding misstatements (Cox, Draa, 2008). Standard Financial Ethics Making an ethical decision is a requirement of health care managers. One must ensure the meeting of needs of individuals within the organization. Principles of ethics include fairness, justice, and professionalism. The organization possesses a code of ethics when interpreting the organizations transactions such as losses or assets. The Health Care Portability and Accountability Act help reduce abuse and fraud concerning finances whether it is deliberate or unintentional. Fraud and abuse is increasing because of the increase in the delivery of health care. Organizations take better actions in working toward the reduction of fraud and abuse. One way to do this is to develop a compliance program, which a financial manager will play a key role. Compliance programs allow a proper practice on reporting the financials, and comply with the ethical conduct standard by avoiding fraud and abuse (Hern, n.d. ). Conclusion For an organization to be successful it needs to ensure the following of the financial reporting practices and maintain a standard of conduct ethically. The organization should follow the basic elements of financial management. When an organization follows the steps in the correct order there is less of a chance the organization will receive an audit. As long as the organization follows the generally accepted accounting principles there is less chance of an audit, and less of a chance of fraud or abuse when reporting the finances. References. Baker, J. & Baker, R. (2011). Health care finance: Basic tools for nonfinancial managers (3rd ed. ). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Publishers Cox, B. , & Draa, M. (2008). Back to basics with account reconciliations. Business Finance, 14(6), 38-38. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/211076250? accountid=35812 Hern, W. (n. d. ). Corporate compliance is a necessity, not an option – healthcare financial managers’ role in helping their organizations prevent financial fraud. Retrieved from http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m3257/is_n1_v51/ai_19146070.

Biography of Isabel Allende, Chilean Author

Isabel Allende (born Isabel Allende Llona, August 2, 1942) is a Chilean writer who specializes in magical realist literature. She is considered the most widely read Spanish-language author in the world and has received numerous awards, including Chile’s National Literature Prize and the American Presidential Medal of Freedom. Fast Facts: Isabel Allende Full Name: Isabel Allende LlonaKnown For: Magical realism author and memoiristBorn: August 2, 1942 in Lima, PeruParents: Tomà ¡s Allende and Francisca Llona BarrosSpouses: Miguel Frà ­as (m. 1962–87), William Gordon (m. 1988–2015)Children: Paula Frà ­as Allende, Nicolà ¡s Frà ­as AllendeNotable Quote: Im aware of the mystery around us, so I write about coincidences, premonitions, emotions, dreams, the power of nature, magic.Selected Awards and Honors: Colima Literary Prize, Feminist of the Year Award, Chevalier des Artes et des Lettres, Hispanic Heritage Award in Literature, Chilean National Prize for Literature, Library of Congress Creative Achievement Award for Fiction, National Book Award for Lifetime Achievement, Hans Christian Andersen Literature Award, Presidential Medal of Freedom Early Life Allende was the daughter of Francisca Llona Barros and Tomà ¡s Allende and was born in Lima, Peru. At the time, her father was in public service, working at the Chilean embassy. In 1945, when Allende was only three, her father disappeared, leaving behind his wife and three children. Her mother moved their family to Santiago, Chile, where they lived for nearly a decade. In 1953, Francisca remarried to Ramà ³n Huidobro, a diplomat. Huidobro was sent overseas; his posting had their entire family traveling to Lebanon and Bolivia between 1953 and 1958. While the family was stationed in Bolivia, Allende was sent to an American private school. When they moved to Beirut, Lebanon, she was again sent to a private school, this one English-run. Allende was a good student as well as a voracious reader throughout her school years and beyond. Upon the family’s return to Chile in 1958, Allende was homeschooled for the remainder of her school years. She did not attend college.   Isabel Allende began her career early, starting in 1959 with the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization in Santiago. She worked for several years for the UN organization as a secretary. Her work with them sent her abroad as well, where she worked in Brussels, Belgium, and other cities in Europe. Allende at home, circa 1985.   Felipe Amilibia/Getty Images Allende married relatively young. She met Miguel Frà ­as, a young engineering student, and they married in 1962. The following year, Allende gave birth to her daughter Paula. Her son Nicolà ¡s was born in Chile in 1966. Allende’s home life was fairly traditional in terms of gender roles and family dynamics, but she did continue to work throughout the marriage. Allende became fluent in English as a second language; her husband’s family spoke English as well. Translation and Journalism Career Early on in her career, Allende’s first major writing-related job was as a translator of romance novels. It was her task to simply translate English romances to Spanish, but she began editing the dialogue to make the heroines more three-dimensional and intelligent, and even tweaked the endings of some of the books she translated in order to give the heroines more independent happily-ever-afters rather than the traditional â€Å"damsel† narratives in which they were rescued by the romantic heroes. As one might expect, these unapproved changes to the books she was only supposed to translate landed her in hot water, and she was eventually fired from this job. In 1967, Allende began a career in journalism, joining the editorial staff of Paula magazine. She then worked at Mempato, a children’s magazine, from 1969 to 1974. Eventually, she rose to the rank of editor at Mempato, publishing a few children’s short stories and a collection of articles during the same period of time. Allende also worked in television production for a couple of Chilean news channels from 1970 to 1974. It was in the course of her journalism career that she met and interviewed Pablo Neruda, who encouraged her to leave the world of journalism to write fiction, telling her that she was far too imaginative to be spending her time in journalism rather than creative writing. His suggestion that she compile her satirical articles into a book actually led to her first published book. In 1973, Allende’s play, El Embajador, was performed in Santiago. Spanish cover of Isabel Allendes The House of the Spirits. Debolsillo Allende’s burgeoning career was cut short unexpectedly, which put her life in danger but, eventually, led to her finally finding the space to write. Salvador Allende, president of Chile at the time and a first cousin of Allende’s father, was overthrown in 1973, which changed Allende’s life forever. She began helping to arrange safe passages out of the country for people on the wanted lists of the new regime. Soon, however, her mother and stepfather—who had been appointed ambassador to Argentina by President Allende in 1970—were nearly assassinated, and she herself ended up on a list and began receiving death threats. Knowing that the new regime was already tracking and executing its opponents and their families, Allende fled to Venezuela, where she lived and wrote for 13 years. During this time, she began working on the manuscript that would become her first published novel, The House of the Spirits, although it was not actually published until 1982 . She worked as a journalist and as a school administrator, but Allende truly pursued her writing in Venezuela, while also rebelling against patriarchal, traditional gender roles at home. She separated from her husband in 1978, eventually divorcing him in 1987. She stated that her move to Venezuela, though forced by political circumstance, likely helped her writing career by allowing her to escape the expected life of a stay-at-home wife and mother. Instead of being trapped in that role, the upheaval in her life allowed her to break free and forge her own path. Her novels often reflect these attitudes: just as she had edited the endings of romance novels to make the heroines stronger, her own books tend to feature complex female characters who challenge male-dominated power structures and ideas. From Magical Realism to Politics (1982-1991) The House of the Spirits (1985)Of Love and Shadows (1987)Eva Luna (1988)The Stories of Eva Luna (1991)The Infinite Plan (1993) Allende’s first novel, The House of the Spirits, was inspired in 1981 when she received a phone call telling her that her much-loved grandfather was nearing death. She was in exile in Venezuela and unable to see him, so she began writing a letter instead. The letter to him eventually turned into The House of the Spirits, which was written in hopes of keeping her grandfather â€Å"alive† in spirit at least. The House of the Spirits helped to establish Allende’s reputation in the genre of magical realism. It follows four generations of a single family, starting with a woman who has supernatural powers that she secretly recalls in her journal. Alongside the family saga, there is significant political commentary. Although the name of the country where the novel is set is never mentioned, nor are there any recognizable names among the figures in the book, the novel’s tale of post-colonialism, revolution, and the resulting oppressive regime is a fairly clear parallel for Chile’s tumultuous past and present. These political elements would play a bigger role in some of her next novels. Santiago, CHILE: Isabel Allende presents her book Ines of my Soul during a press conference in Santiago, Chile. The book is based on the life of Ines Suarez, a woman who participated in the colonization of the American continent during the 16th century.   CLAUDIO POZO / Getty Images Allende followed The House of the Spirits two years later with The Porcelain Fat Lady, which returned to her roots as a children’s author. The book draws on two significant events in Allende’s real life: her split from her husband and the repressive politics of the Pinochet regime back in her native Chile. This would become a through-line in much of Allende’s work—using the events of her own life, even the sad or negative ones, to inspire her creative output. Eva Luna and Of Love and Shadows followed, both of which addressed the tensions under the Pinochet regime. Allende’s work at the time also dipped back into the short story pool. In 1991, she came out with The Stories of Eva Luna, presented as a series of short stories told by the heroine of Eva Luna. Major Successes and Genre Fiction (1999-present) Paula (1994)Aphrodite (1998)Daughter of Fortune (1999)Portrait in Sepia (2000)City of the Beasts (2002)My Invented Country (2003)Kingdom of the Golden Dragon (2004)Forest of the Pygmies (2005)Zorro (2005)Inà ©s of my Soul (2006)The Sum of Our Days (2008)Island Beneath the Sea (2010)Maya’s Notebook (2011)Ripper (2014)The Japanese Lover (2015)In the Midst of Winter (2017)A Long Petal of the Sea (2019) Allende’s personal life took a front seat in the late 1980s and early 1990s, which limited her writing output. In 1988, after finalizing her divorce from Frà ­as, Allende met William Gordon while on a book tour in the U.S. Gordon, a lawyer and writer from San Francisco, married Allende later that year. Allende lost her daughter, Paula, in 1992, after she went into a vegetative state following complications from porphyria and a medicine dosing error that resulted in severe brain damage. Following Paula’s death, Allende started a charitable foundation in her name, and she wrote a memoir, Paula, in 1994. In 1999, Allende returned to writing family epics with Daughter of Fortune and, the next year, its sequel Portrait in Sepia. Allende’s work dipped into the fiction genre again with a trio of young adult books that returned to her magical realism style: City of the Beasts, Kingdom of the Golden Dragon, and Forest of the Pygmies. Reportedly, she chose to write young adult books at the urging of her grandchildren. In 2005, she also released Zorro, her own take on the folk hero.   Author Isabel Allende and husband William Gordon. Acey Harper / Getty Images Allende continues to write novels, mostly magical realism and historical fiction. Although she often continues to focus on Latin American stories and cultures, this not always the case, and her novels tend to express an empathy with oppressed peoples throughout history and across the globe. For instance, her 2009 novel Island Beneath the Sea is set during the Haitian Revolution of the late 18th century. As of 2019, she has released 18 novels, along with collections of short stories, children’s literature, and four non-fiction memoirs. Her most recent work is her 2019 novel Long Petal of the Sea. For the most part, she now lives in California, where she resided with Gordon until their separation in 2015. In 1994, Allende was the first woman to receive the Gabriela Mistral Order of Merit. She has received a slew of literary prizes, and her overall cultural contributions have been recognized on a global scale with national and organizational literary prizes in Chile, France, Germany, Denmark, Portugal, the United States, and more. At the 2006 Olympic Games in Torino, Italy, Allende was one of eight flag-bearers at the opening ceremony. In 2010, she received Chiles National Literature Prize, and in 2014, President Barack Obama awarded her the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honor in the U.S. Allende receiving the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Obama in 2014. Mandel Ngan/Getty Images Since 1993, Allende has been an American citizen, although her Latin American roots are evident in her work, which draws on her own life experiences as well as her prolific imagination. In 2018, she was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters at the National Book Awards. Literary Styles and Themes Allende writes largely, though not solely, in the genre of magical realism, drawing comparisons to authors such as Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez. Magical realism is often associated with Latin American culture and authors, although other writers utilize the genre, too. The genre, as its name suggests, is a bridge between realism and fantasy fiction. Typically, it involves a story world that is essentially realistic, except for one or two fantasy elements, which are then treated with equal realism as the non-fantastical elements. In several of her works, the complex political situation of her native Chile comes into play, both in direct depictions and in allegorical senses. Allende’s relative Salvador Allende was the president during a tumultuous and controversial time in Chile, and he was deposed by a military coup led by Pinochet (and tacitly supported by the United States military and intelligence apparatus). Pinochet instituted a military dictatorship and immediately banned all political dissent. Human rights violations were carried out, Allende’s allies and former colleagues were tracked down and killed, and civilians were also caught up in the crushing of dissent. Allende was personally affected by the upheaval, but she also wrote about the regime from a political standpoint. Some of her novels, notably Of Love and Shadows, explicitly depict life under the Pinochet regime, and do so with a critical eye. Perhaps most importantly, Allende’s works often address issues of gender, specifically of women’s roles in patriarchal societies. From her earliest days as a translator of romance novels, Allende has been interested in depicting women who break out of the traditional, conservative molds that position marriage and motherhood as the pinnacle of the female experience. Her novels instead present complex women who attempt to take charge of their own lives and destinies, and she explores the consequences – both good and bad – of what happens when women try to set themselves free.   Sources Cox, Karen Castellucci. Isabel Allende: A Critical Companion. Greenwood Press, 2003.Main, Mary.  Isabel Allende, Award-Winning Latin American Author. Enslow, 2005